[Precision dietary guidelines and ingredients for chronic diseases in pre-senior and senior populations]. / Estrategias de guía e ingredientes dietéticos de precisión para enfermedades crónicas en población pre-sénior y sénior.

The aging of the population underlines an important challenge for the health system not only from sanitary and economic reasons but also by quality perspectives concerning preventive care, where precision nutrition (PN) and the prescription or advice on healthy habits becomes relevant. PN focuses on provide nutrition adapted to each individual, understanding that the prevention or treatment of chronic disorders (obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, etc.) must be addressed in a comprehensive way, considering not only relevant personal and clinical information, but also healthy aging and phenotypical and genotypical features. This guide was prepared due to the need to develop precision nutritional models that allow individualized nutritional treatment for each subject and physiopathological particularities with emphasis on the elderly. Therefore, the requirements of the Spanish pre-senior and senior populations, dietary recommendations and precision foods are reviewed in this document: have at least three daily meals, reduce total calories, choose a varied and balanced diet with fresh foods and high nutritional density, add vegetables, legumes and fish, consume dairy products and fiber, prefer white meat instead of red, avoid fried foods, sausages and processed foods, moderate the consumption of salt, coffee and alcohol, and get hydrated.

Estrategias de guía e ingredientes dietéticos de precisión para enfermedades crónicas en población pre-sénior y sénior / Precision dietary guidelines and ingredients for chronic diseases in pre-senior and senior populations

El envejecimiento de la población supone un importante reto, económico y cualitativo, para el sistema de salud orientándolo hacia una atención de tipo preventivo, en la que la nutrición de precisión (NP) y la prescripción de hábitos saludables adquieren relevancia capital. El fin de la NP es procurar una nutrición adaptada a cada individuo, entendiendo que la prevención o el tratamiento de trastornos crónicos (obesidad, diabetes, enfermedad cardiovascular, etc.) deben abordarse de un modo integral, considerando información personal y clínica relevante, edad y características feno- y genotípicas. La elaboración de la presente guía surge de la necesidad de desarrollar modelos nutricionales de precisión que permitan la individualización del tratamiento nutricional, con énfasis en el adulto mayor. Las necesidades nutricionales, las recomendaciones dietéticas y los ingredientes para una NP en las personas pre-sénior y sénior quedan resumidas en realizar al menos 3 comidas diarias, reducir las calorías totales, optar por una alimentación variada y equilibrada con alimentos frescos y de alta densidad nutricional, incorporar verduras, legumbres y pescado, consumir productos lácteos y fibra, preferir carnes blancas en lugar de rojas, evitar frituras, embutidos y alimentos procesados, moderar el consumo de sal, café y alcohol, e hidratarse adecuadamente

The aging of the population underlines an important challenge for the health system not only from sanitary and economic reasons but also by quality perspectives concerning preventive care, where precision nutrition (PN) and the prescription or advice on healthy habits becomes relevant. PN focuses on provide nutrition adapted to each individual, understanding that the prevention or treatment of chronic disorders (obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, etc.) must be addressed in a comprehensive way, considering not only relevant personal and clinical information, but also healthy aging and phenotypical and genotypical features. This guide was prepared due to the need to develop precision nutritional models that allow individualized nutritional treatment for each subject and physiopathological particularities with emphasis on the elderly. Therefore, the requirements of the Spanish pre-senior and senior populations, dietary recommendations and precision foods are reviewed in this document: have at least three daily meals, reduce total calories, choose a varied and balanced diet with fresh foods and high nutritional density, add vegetables, legumes and fish, consume dairy products and fiber, prefer white meat instead of red, avoid fried foods, sausages and processed foods, moderate the consumption of salt, coffee and alcohol, and get hydrated

The gut microbiota urolithin metabotypes revisited: the human metabolism of ellagic acid is mainly determined by aging.

Understanding individuals' response to dietary bioactives is crucial for personalized nutrition. We report here for the first time in a Caucasian cohort (5-90 years, n = 839) that aging is the main factor that determines the gut microbiota involved in the ellagic acid-ellagitannin metabolism (urolithin metabotypes), with potential consequences for human health.

[Effectiveness of a program for treatment of overweight and nonmorbid obesity in primary healthcare and its influence lifestyle modification]. / Eficacia de un programa para el tratamiento del sobrepeso y la obesidad no mórbida en atención primaria y su influencia en la modificación de estilos de vida.

BACKGROUND: Lifestyle intervention is fundamental for obesity treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a program focused on diet, exercise and psychological support on Lifestyle Modification in overweight and obese patients treated in Primary Health Care setting. METHODS: 60 patients with grade II overweight and non-morbid grade I-II obesity were included in this pilot clinical trial. Ages ranged from 18 to 50 years. They were provided with a program combining nutritional education, physical activity and psychological support. Subjects attended group sessions every 2 weeks. The main outcome measures at baseline and 6 months were body composition parameters (BMI, body fat percentage, waist circumference) and lifestyle intervention using the Questionnaire for the assessment of overweight and obesity related lifestyles at baseline and six months. This questionnaire yields an five dimensions: diet caloric intake (CC), healthy eating (AS), physical activity (EF), searching for psychological well-being eating (BP) and alcohol intake (CA). The higher score indicates better lifestyles for CC, AS, EF and worse for BP y CA. RESULTS: At the end of the intervention the program achieved improvements in Questionnaire related lifestyles subscales: CC (2,60 ± 0,5 vs. 3,49 ± 0,7, p<0,001), EF (2,19 ± 0,9 vs. 3,17 ± 1,0, p<0,001) and AS (3,04 ± 0,4 vs. 3,43 ± 0,4, p<0,05); CA (3,98 ± 0,7 vs. 4,25 ± 0,7, p<0,05) and BP (2,82 ± 1,0 vs. 3,34 ± 0,7, p<0,001) has got worse. CONCLUSION: The Program focused on balanced and moderate energy-restricted diets, increased physical activity and psychological support may improve the anthropometric parameters and the Lifestyle intervention in obese patients treated in a primary healthcare center.

Introducción y Objetivos: la modificación de conductas no saludables es fundamental para tratar la obesidad. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos de un programa basado en dieta, ejercicio y apoyo psicológico en la modificación conductual de pacientes con sobrepeso y obesidad tratados en Atención Primaria. Métodos: 60 pacientes con sobrepeso grado II y obesidad grado I-II fueron incluidos en este ensayo piloto. Edad entre 18-50 2013s. Los pacientes recibieron un programa que combinaba educación nutricional, actividad física y apoyo psicológico. Formato grupal, periodicidad quincenal. Los principales resultados medidos al inicio y 6 meses fueron parámetros antropométricos (índice de masa corporal, porcentaje de masa grasa, perímetro cintura) y de estilos de vida usando el Cuestionario para la valoración de hábitos de vida relacionados con el sobrepeso y la obesidad. Consta de 5 dimensiones: contenido calórico de la dieta (CC), alimentación saludable (AS), ejercicio físico (EF), comer por bienestar psicológico (BP) y consumo de alcohol (CA). La mayor puntuación indica mejores hábitos para CC, AS y EF y peores para BP y CA. Resultados: al final de la intervención mejoraron las escalas CC (2,60± 0,5 vs 3,49± 0,7, p<0,001), EF (2,19± 0,9 vs 3,17± 1,0, p<0,001) y AS (3,04± 0,4 vs 3,43± 0,4, p<0,05) del cuestionario; CA (3,98± 0,7 vs. 4,25± 0,7, p<0,05) y BP (2,82± 1,0 vs. 3,34± 0,7, p<0,001) empeoraron. Conclusión: el programa basado en moderada restricción de la dieta, aumento de actividad física y apoyo psicológico puede mejorar parámetros antropométricos y estilos de vida en pacientes obesos tratados en un centro de Atención Primaria.

Eficacia de un programa para el tratamiento del sobrepeso y la obesidad no mórbida en atención primaria y su influencia en la modificación de estilos de vida / Effectiveness of a program for treatment of overweight and nonmorbid obesity in primary healthcare and its influence lifestyle modification

Introducción y Objetivos: la modificación de conductas no saludables es fundamental para tratar la obesidad. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos de un programa basado en dieta, ejercicio y apoyo psicológico en la modificación conductual de pacientes con sobrepeso y obesidad tratados en Atención Primaria. Métodos: 60 pacientes con sobrepeso grado II y obesidad grado I-II fueron incluidos en este ensayo piloto. Edad entre 18-50 años. Los pacientes recibieron un programa que combinaba educación nutricional, actividad física y apoyo psicológico. Formato grupal, periodicidad quincenal. Los principales resultados medidos al inicio y 6 meses fueron parámetros antropométricos (índice de masa corporal, porcentaje de masa grasa, perímetro cintura) y de estilos de vida usando el Cuestionario para la valoración de hábitos de vida relacionados con el sobrepeso y la obesidad. Consta de 5 dimensiones: contenido calórico de la dieta (CC), alimentación saludable (AS), ejercicio físico (EF), comer por bienestar psicológico (BP) y consumo de alcohol (CA). La mayor puntuación indica mejores hábitos para CC, AS y EF y peores para BP y CA. Resultados: al final de la intervención mejoraron las escalas CC (2,60± 0,5 vs 3,49± 0,7, p<0,001), EF (2,19± 0,9 vs 3,17± 1,0, p<0,001) y AS (3,04± 0,4 vs 3,43± 0,4, p<0,05) del cuestionario; CA (3,98± 0,7 vs. 4,25± 0,7, p<0,05) y BP (2,82± 1,0 vs. 3,34± 0,7, p<0,001) empeoraron. Conclusión: el programa basado en moderada restricción de la dieta, aumento de actividad física y apoyo psicológico puede mejorar parámetros antropométricos y estilos de vida en pacientes obesos tratados en un centro de Atención Primaria (AU)

Background: Lifestyle intervention is fundamental for obesity treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a program focused on diet, exercise and psychological support on Lifestyle Modification in overweight and obese patients treated in Primary Health Care setting. Methods: 60 patients with grade II overweight and non-morbid grade I-II obesity were included in this pilot clinical trial. Ages ranged from18 to 50 years. They were provided with a program combining nutritional education, physical activity and psychological support. Subjects attended group sessions every 2 weeks. The main outcome measures at baseline and 6 months were body composition parameters (BMI, body fat percentage, waist circumference) and lifestyle intervention using the Questionnaire for the assessment of overweight and obesity related lifestyles at baseline and six months. This questionnaire yields an five dimensions: diet caloric intake (CC), healthy eating (AS), physical activity (EF), searching for psychological well-being eating (BP) and alcohol intake (CA). The higher score indicates better lifestyles for CC, AS, EF and worse for BP y CA. Results: At the end of the intervention the program achieved improvements in Questionnaire related lifestyles subscales: CC (2,60± 0,5 vs. 3,49± 0,7, p<0,001), EF (2,19± 0,9 vs. 3,17± 1,0, p<0,001) and AS (3,04± 0,4 vs. 3,43± 0,4, p<0,05); CA (3,98± 0,7 vs. 4,25± 0,7, p<0,05) and BP (2,82± 1,0 vs. 3,34± 0,7, p<0,001) has got worse. Conclusion: The Program focused on balanced and moderate energy-restricted diets, increased physical activity and psychological support may improve the anthropometric parameters and the Lifestyle intervention in obese patients treated in a primary healthcare center (AU)

[Perception about the importance of feeding in a group of hematologic cancer patients]. / Percepción de la importancia de la alimentación en un grupo de pacientes con cáncer hematológico.

INTRODUCTION: Oncohematologic patients usually present nutritional deficits associated with the disease, the treatments and side effects, etc. However, there are hardly any descriptive data about the dietary recommendations used and the patient's self-perception of its usefulness in their disease. AIM: To assess the self-perception of the nutritional importance in a group of oncohematologic patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 111 oncohematologic patients self-reported a questionnaire containing items about socio-sanitary data and self-perception of the nutritional importance in their disease. RESULTS: The mean age was 40.0 ± 12.8 years (64.86% women). The most frequent diagnosis and treatment was lymphoma (83.78%) and chemotheraphy (92.80%). 75% considered "very important" relationship between oncohematologic disease and nutritional status. Only 54.1% received dietary advice. And 53.2% and 50.5% considered that the use of nutritional supplements improve quality of life and/or disease respectively. CONCLUSIONS: A significant percentage of patients had advanced stages of their disease. However, half the group had not received dietary advice despite high interest in receiving nutritional care. Therefore, the nutritional assessment and the personalized nutritional support implementation of the patient should be included in routine clinical practice.

Percepción de la importancia de la alimentación en un grupo de pacientes con cáncer hematológico / Perception about the importance of feeding in a group of hematologic cancer patients

Introducción: Los pacientes oncohematológicos presentan habitualmente déficits nutricionales derivados de su enfermedad, sus tratamientos y efectos secundarios, etc. Sin embargo, apenas existen datos descriptivos del empleo de recomendaciones dietéticas, y de la auto-percepción del paciente de su utilidad en su enfermedad. Objetivos: Evaluar la percepción de la importancia de la alimentación en un grupo de pacientes con cáncer hematológico. Materiales y métodos: 111 pacientes oncohematológicos auto-registraron un cuestionario con preguntas sociosanitarias y de percepción personal de la importancia de la alimentación en su enfermedad. Resultados: La edad media fue 40,0 ± 12,8 años (64,86% mujeres). El diagnóstico y el tratamiento más frecuente fue linfoma (83,78%) y quimioterapia (92,80%). Un 75% consideró "muy importante" la relación entre enfermedad oncohematológica y estado nutricional. Sólo un 54,1% recibió consejo dietético. Y un 53,2% y 50,5% consideró que el consumo de suplementos nutricionales mejoraría su calidad de vida y/o enfermedad respectivamente. Conclusiones: Un porcentaje importante de pacientes presentaron estados avanzados de su enfermedad. Sin embargo, la mitad del colectivo no había recibido pautas dietéticas a pesar del elevado interés por recibir atención nutricional. Por tanto, la valoración nutricional del paciente oncohematológico así como la implementación de un soporte nutricional personalizado deberían formar parte de la práctica clínica habitual (AU)

Introduction: Oncohematologic patients usually present nutritional deficits associated with the disease, the treatments and side effects, etc. However, there are hardly any descriptive data about the dietary recommendations used and the patient's self-perception of its usefulness in their disease. Aim: To assess the self-perception of the nutritional importance in a group of oncohematologic patients. Materials and methods: 111 oncohematologic patients self-reported a questionnaire containing items about socio-sanitary data and self-perception of the nutritional importance in their disease. Results: The mean age was 40.0 ± 12.8 years (64.86% women). The most frequent diagnosis and treatment was lymphoma (83.78%) and chemoteraphy (92.80%). 75% considered "very important" relationship between oncohematologic disease and nutritional status. Only 54.1% received dietary advice. And 53.2% and 50.5% consideredthat the use of nutritional supplements improve quality of life and/or disease respectively. Conclusions: A significant percentage of patients had advanced stages of their disease. However, half the group had not received dietary advice despite high interest in receiving nutritional care. Therefore, the nutritional assessment and the personalized nutritional support implementation of the patient should be included in routine clinical practice (AU)

Evaluación de la eficacia de un suplemento oral en polvo enriquecido con ácido eicosapentaenoico en un grupo de pacientes con cáncer / Efficacy evaluation of an oral powder supplement enriched with eicosapentaenoic acid in cancer patients

Introducción: El efecto beneficioso del ácido eicosapentaenoico en pacientes con cáncer está ampliamente descrito sobre todo en lo que respecta a su rol en la caquexia tumoral. Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia de la administración de un nuevo suplemento oral en polvo con adición de este componente frente a un suplemento líquido estándar en un grupo de pacientes oncológicos. Pacientes y métodos: 61 adultos mayores de 18 años de ambos sexos con cáncer, fueron aleatorizados en dos grupos para recibir durante un mes 600 kcal extras añadidas a su alimentación; uno a través de un suplemento oral en polvo con 1,5 g de ácido eicosapentaenoico/día (RSI) y el otro con un producto líquido estándar (RE). Tanto al inicio como al final del estudio se realizaron las siguientes medidas: valoración global subjetiva generada por el paciente (VGS-gp), parámetros antropométricos (Pliegues, circunferencia del brazo y bioimpedancia), dietéticos (registro alimentario de 72 horas), bioquímicos e inflamatorios (bioquímica básica, citoquinas, prealbúmina y PCR). La calidad de vida fue valorada mediante el cuestionario SF-36. Así mismo se emplearon escalas de percepción sensorial, tolerancia de los productos y motivación y saciedad al comer durante el estudio. Resultados: Finalizaron el estudio 40 pacientes. Tras la intervención ambos grupos mantuvieron sus parámetros antropométricos y aumentaron significativamente la prealbúmina (RSI 16,11 ± 5,66 mg/dl vs 19.81 ± 6.75 mg/dl p < 0,05 y RE 16.55 ± 6.13 mg/dl vs 19.03 ± 5.47 mg/dl p < 0,05). El grupo RSI disminuyó significativamente los valores de interferón gamma (INF-γ) (0,99 ± 0,95 vs 0,65 ± 0,92 pg/ml, p < 0,05). Sin embargo, el grupo RE los aumentó al final del estudio (1,62 ± 1,27 vs 2,2 ± 3,19 pg/ml, p < 0,05). No se encontraron diferencias significativas en la sensación de hambre, apetito, saciedad y capacidad de ingesta tras la intervención en ambos grupos. Las puntuaciones del SF-36 mejoraron en ambos grupos. Conclusión: La suplementación durante un mes de un producto en polvo enriquecido con 1,5 g de EPA en una población de pacientes con cáncer, modula positivamente ciertos parámetros inflamatorios. Este producto podría ser una opción nueva a tener en cuenta que podría sumarse a las estrategias de intervención para el tratamiento nutricional del paciente oncológico (AU)

Background and objectives: The beneficial effect of eicosapentaenoic acid in cancer patients is widely described especially in relation to its role in tumour cachexia. The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of administration of a new oral powder supplement enriched with eicosapentaenoic acid compared to a standard liquid supplement in cancer patients. Patients and methods: A total of 61 cancer patients, aged more than 18 years, were randomized to receive during a month a bonus of 600 kcal/ day to their regular diet with an oral powder supplement enriched with eicosapentaenoic acid (1.5 g) (RSI) or with a standard liquid supplement (RE). The following data were collected at baseline and after one month: the Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (pg-SGA), anthropometric measurements (skin folds, circumferences and bioimpedance), dietary parameters (3-day food record), biochemical and inflammatory parameters (basic biochemistry, cytokines, prealbumin and Reactive C Protein). Quality of life was evaluated using the SF-36 questionnaire. At the end, scales were used to asses sensory perception, tolerance and satiety induced by the products and motivation to eat. Results: 40 patients completed the study. After intervention, anthropometric parameters do not change and prealbumin values increased significantly in both groups (RSI 16.11 ± 5.66 mg/dl vs. 19.81 ± 6.75 mg/dl p < 0.05 and RE 6.13 ± 16.55 mg/dl vs. 19.03 ± 5.47 mg / dl p < 0.05). RSI group significantly decreased interferon gamma (INF-γ) values (0.99 ± 0.95 vs. 0.65 ± 0.92 pg/ml, p < 0.05). In contrast, RE group increased INF-γ after intervention (1.62 ± 1 27 vs. 2.2 ± 3.19 pg/ml, p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in hunger, appetite, satiety and intake capacity in both groups. The SF-36 scores improved in both groups. Conclusions: Supplementation based on an oral powder formula enriched with 1.5g EPA during one month in cancer patients improved certain inflammatory parameters. This product may be a novel and valuable option to be added to the nutritional intervention strategies used for cancer patients (AU)

Impact of two low-calorie meals with and without bread on the sensation of hunger, satiety and amount of food consumed.

BACKGROUND: The aim was to compare the differences in feelings of hunger and satiety in a group of overweight/obese women after eating a test meal with or without bread. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study included 122 women (BMI≥25<40 kg/m²) who were randomly assigned to consume one of the following test meals: NO BREAD meal (2.40 MJ, 46% carbohydrates, 26% protein, 28% fat; which included rice or pasta) and BREAD meal (2.39 MJ, with equal caloric distribution and the same foods except with bread instead of rice or pasta). A visual analogue scale (VAS) was used, with 5 questions to be answered at different times: 1) just before eating, 2) just after eating and exactly 3) 60 and 4) 90 minutes after eating the test meal. The test was performed at the start and after 16 weeks of following a lifestyle modification program based on a low-calorie diet (with or without bread). RESULTS: 104 women completed the study (48.4±9.0 years) with a baseline BMI of 29.8±3.5 kg/m². At the start of the study there were no significant differences in any of the VAS parameters measured between the groups. After 16 weeks, BREAD group obtained higher scores in question 3 (referring to the sensation of satiety) that were significant at time 3 (7 versus 5; p<0.05) and time 4 (8 versus 4; p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The inclusion of bread in a low-calorie meal may result in a greater sensation of satiety after eating. These results contradict the recommendation to exclude bread from a food plan aimed at weight loss.

Impact of two low-calorie meals with and without bread on the sensation of hunger, satiety and amount of food consumed / Repercusión de dos comidas hipocalóricas con y sin pan sobre la sensación de hambre, saciedad y cantidad de comida consumida

Background: The aim was to compare the differences in feelings of hunger and satiety in a group of overweight/obese women after eating a test meal with or without bread. Patients and methods: The study included 122 women (BMI ≥ 25 < 40 kg/m2) who were randomly assigned to consume one of the following test meals: NO BREAD meal (2.40 MJ, 46% carbohydrates, 26% protein, 28% fat; which included rice or pasta) and BREAD meal (2.39 MJ, with equal caloric distribution and the same foods except with bread instead of rice or pasta). A visual analogue scale (VAS) was used, with 5 questions to be answered at different times: 1) just before eating, 2) just after eating and exactly 3) 60 and 4) 90 minutes after eating the test meal. The test was performed at the start and after 16 weeks of following a lifestyle modification program based on a low-calorie diet (with or without bread). Results: 104 women completed the study (48.4 ± 9.0 years) with a baseline BMI of 29.8 ± 3.5 kg/m2. At the start of the study there were no significant differences in any of the VAS parameters measured between the groups. After 16 weeks, BREAD group obtained higher scores in question 3 (referring to the sensation of satiety) that were significant at time 3 (7 versus 5; p < 0.05) and time 4 (8 versus 4; p < 0.01). Conclusions: The inclusion of bread in a low-calorie meal may result in a greater sensation of satiety after eating. These results contradict the recommendation to exclude bread from a food plan aimed at weight loss (AU)

Objetivos: Analizar las diferencias en la sensación de hambre y saciedad en un grupo de mujeres con sobrepeso/obesidad en tratamiento tras el consumo de una comida prueba con o sin pan. Pacientes y métodos: El estudio incluyó a 122 mujeres con IMC ≥ 25 < 40 kg/m2 que fueron randomizadas asignándolas a consumir una de las siguientes comidas prueba: comida NO PAN (2,40 MJ -575 kcal-, 46% hidratos de carbono, 26% proteínas, 28% grasas; que incluía arroz o pasta) y comida PAN (2,39 MJ -571 kcal-, con igual distribución calórica y los mismos alimentos pero con pan en lugar de arroz o pasta). Se empleó una escala analógica visual (Visual Analogue Scale: VAS) de 5 preguntas que debía completarse en diferentes tiempos 1) antes: -1 min; 2) inicio: 0 min; 3) después: 60 min y 4) después: 90 min después de la comida prueba. El test se realizó al inicio del tratamiento y después de 16 semanas de seguir una dieta hipocalórica (con o sin pan), educación nutricional y promoción de actividad física. Resultados: Completaron el estudio 104 mujeres, edad media 48,4 ± 9 años e IMC basal 29,8 ± 3,5 kg/m2. Al inicio del estudio no existieron diferencias significativas en ninguno de los parámetros valorados por la VAS entre grupos. Al repetir el test tras la intervención el grupo comida PAN obtuvo una puntuación mayor en la pregunta 3 (referida a la sensación de saciedad) que fue significativa en los tiempos 3 (7 vs 5 p < 0,05) y 4 (8 vs 4 p < 0,01). Conclusiones: La inclusión del pan en una comida hipocalórica podría favorecer una mayor sensación de saciedad tras la comida. Estos resultados entran en contradicción con la recomendación de excluir el pan en un plan de alimentación orientado a la pérdida de peso (AU)

Parámetros hormonales e inflamatorios en un grupo de mujeres con sobrepeso/obesidad / Hormonal an inflammatory biomarkers in a group of overweight and obese women

Introducción y Objetivos: Recientemente se ha descubierto que la obesidad es una patología caracterizada por un estado crónico de inflamación leve. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir la situación hormonal e inflamatoria de un colectivo de mujeres con sobrepeso/obesidad. Pacientes y métodos: se incluyeron mujeres > 18 años, con IMC ≥ 25 < 40 kg/m2. Se recogieron datos ocio-sanitarios, presión arterial, parámetros antropométricos, de actividad física, estudio bioquímico, hormonal e inflamatorio para determinar la situación hormonal e inflamatoria de un colectivo de mujeres antes del inicio de un tratamiento para el control de peso corporal. Resultados: participaron 104 mujeres con edad media de 48,4 ± 9 años y un IMC de 29,8 ± 3,5 kg/m2. Un 48% de las mujeres estudiadas se encontraba en etapa de menopausia. Un 8,9% presentó hiperinsulinemia. El valor medio obtenido de grhelina fue 38,8 ± 33,6 pg/ml, no se encontró correlación entre sus concentraciones y las variables antropométricas y bioquímicas estudiadas. Los valores medios de PCR, leptina, adiponectina, resistina, IL 6, IL 10 y PAI 1 fueron 3,0 ± 2,7 mg/dl, 36,3 ± 19,5 ng/ml, 8,3 ± 4,5 μg/ml, 24,3 ± 23,2 ng/ml, 51,6 ± 93,6 pg/ml, 10,0 ± 34,2 pg/ml y 22,3 ± 30,6 ng/ml, respectivamente. Estas concentraciones correlacionaron significativamente con diferentes variables antropométricas y bioquímicas, sin embargo, estas correlaciones fueron débiles. Variables como la edad y presencia o no de menopausia o la práctica de actividad física de forma regular no influyeron en los valores medios obtenidos. Las pacientes con obesidad tuvieron valores medios significativamente más elevados que aquellas con sobrepeso, aunque sólo en el caso de la resistina y PAI 1. Conclusión: El grupo de mujeres estudiadas presentó cifras de adipoquinas alteradas en relación a otros estudios realizados en población con situación nutricional normal. Esto pone en evidencia la situación inflamatoria presente en estos pacientes y los valores obtenidos pueden contribuir a establecer unos rangos normalizados de estos marcadores para el colectivo de personas con sobrepeso y obesidad (AU)

Background and objectives: The aim of this study was to describe the hormonal and inflammatory status of a group of overweight/obese women. Patients and methods: The sample studied was a crosssectional cohort of women > 18 years of age, BMI ≥ 25 <40 kg/m2, prior to starting a weight control program. Data collected were: demographic characteristics, blood pressure, anthropometric parameters, physical activity data, and biochemical, hormonal and inflammatory biomarkers. Results: The study involved 104 women with a meanage of 48.4 ± 9 years and a BMI of 29.8 ± 3.5 kg/m2. Some 48% of the women studied were in menopause. Some8.9% had hyper insulinemia. The mean ghrelin value was38.8 ± 33.6 pg/ml; there was no correlation between ghrelinlevels and anthropometric and biochemical variables.CRP, leptin, adiponectin, resistin, IL6, IL10, and PAI1were 3.0 ± 2.7 mg/dl, 36.3 ± 19.5 ng/ml, 8.3 ± 4.5 mg/ml,24.3 ± 23.2 ng/ml, 51.6 ± 93.6 pg/ml, 10.0 ± 34.2 pg/ml and22.3 ± 30.6 ng/ml, respectively. Obese patients had significantly higher mean values of resistin and PAI 1 than those who were overweight. These levels correlated significantly with anthropometric and biochemical variables; however, the correlations were weak. Age, menopause or the regular practice of physical activity had no effect on mean values. Conclusions: The group of women studied had altered inflammatory biomarkers in relation to people of normal weight. The study shows the inflammatory status of overweight/obese individuals, and the values obtained may help to establish standard ranges for these markers (AU)

Importance of a balanced omega 6/omega 3 ratio for the maintenance of health: nutritional recommendations.

The modification of dietary patterns has led to a change in fatty acid consumption, with an increase in the consumption of ω-6 fatty acids and a marked reduction in the consumption of ω-3 fatty acids. This in turn has given rise to an imbalance in the ω-6/ω-3 ratio, which is now very different from the original 1:1 ratio of humans in the past. Given the involvement of ω-6 and ω-3 essential fatty acids in disease processes, the present article examines changes in dietary patterns that have led to the present reduction in the consumption of ω-3 essential fatty acids, and to study the importance of the ω-6/ω-3 balance in maintaining good health. In addition, an assessment is made of the established recommendations for preventing a poor intake of ω-3 essential fatty acids, and the possible options for compensating the lack of these fatty acids in the diet.

Una visión global de los factores que condicionan la ingesta. Instrumentos de medida / A global vision about factors that condition food intake. Measuring instruments

La alimentación es un comportamiento complejo en el que influyen tanto factores bioquímicos como psicológicos y socioculturales. La ingesta energética va a depender de la integración de dos factores fundamentales: el hambre y el apetito. Cada alimento consumido tiene diferentes grados de capacidad de suprimir el hambre e inhibir el momento de inicio de una nueva ingesta. El tipo de alimento, su cocción, consistencia, volumen y cantidad de macronutrientes, representa un factor fundamental que va a influir en la ingesta alimentaria. En la regulación de la ingesta alimentaria están implicadas varias regiones nerviosas, que afectan tanto a la corteza cerebral como al hipotálamo y al tallo cerebral. La regulación del hambre se produce a nivel central y también está controlada por diferentes factores periféricos. La selección e ingesta de alimentos y nutrientes está influenciada por factores genéticos, aunque los factores ambientales parecen tener un mayor peso. En las preferencias del alimento influyen también las experiencias tempranas positivas o negativas con el alimento, exposiciones repetidas aumentan la preferencia de los niños para un alimento o un sabor. Los hábitos de alimentación en la familia y los individuos vienen condicionados por la disponibilidad de los alimentos, el acceso a ellos y el aprendizaje, también influyen sobre la elección de los alimentos determinadas tradiciones culturales y religiosas. El conocimiento de la nutrición, no asegura que las personas adopten comportamientos saludables al comer, aunque, la influencia de la elección de los alimentos en base a su efecto sobre la salud parece más relevante en aquellas personas con altos conocimientos nutricionales. La comercialización, los medios de comunicación y la publicidad de los alimentos, son una fuerza que socializa y que potencialmente afecta el comportamiento de lo que se come. Las características sensoriales del alimento, olor y textura, afectan las preferencias por el alimento y los hábitos al comer. Los múltiples factores que condicionan la alimentación lo transforman en un comportamiento complejo en cuyo estudio tienen cabida diferentes disciplinas. El abordaje de estos factores nos permitirá comprender mejor el comportamiento de los individuos y ampliar las estrategias para mantener y mejorar la salud de la población a través de nutrición (AU)

Nourishment is a complex behaviour in which biochemical, psychological and sociocultural factors have an influence on it. Energy intake depends on the integration of two fundamentals factors: hanger and appetite. Each consumed food has different grades of capacity to cut the hanger out and to inhibit the beginning of a new intake. The kind of food, its cooking, consistency, volume and quantity of macronutrients represents a fundamental factor that is going to have an influence on food intake. Some nervious regions are involved in the regulation of food intake and they affect cerebral cortex, hypothalamus and brainstem. The control of hunger takes place in a central level and also it is regulated by different peripheral factors. The food and nutrient selection and intake are influenced by genetic factors, but environmental factors seem to have greater importance. Early positive or negative experiences with food influence also in food preferences, so repeated exposures increase children's preference to a specific food or flavour. Individual and family eating habits are conditioned by their availability of food, their access to them and their learning. Certain cultural and religious traditions also have influence on their choice of food. The knowledge of nutrition does not ensure that people to adopt healthy eating behaviours, although the influence of food choices based on its effect on health seems more relevant in those people who have higher nutritional knowledge. Marketing, media and food advertising are a force that socializes and potentially affects the behaviour of what people eat. Sensory characteristics of food, smell and texture, affect food preferences and eating habits. Nourishment is converted in a complex behaviour in which different disciplines have a place by many factors that condition it. Addressing these factors will enable us a better understand the behaviour of individuals and extend the strategies in order to maintain and improve population health through nutrition (AU)

[Knowledge of nutrition labelling in general population. Assessment surveys conducted in La Paz University Hospital in Madrid during the 9th "National Nutrition Day 2010"]. / Análisis de las encuestas sobre etiquetado nutricional realizadas en el Hospital La Paz de Madrid durante la 9ª edición del "Día Nacional de la Nutrición (DNN) 2010".

INTRODUCTION: Nutrition labelling (NL) provides information on the energy and nutrients in a food and it represents a valuable tool to help consumers make informed decisions about their diet and lifestyle. However, little is known about how consumers perceive the nutrition labelling information. OBJECTIVES: Evaluate the knowledge of NL of a population survey and examine aspects such as attention, reading, understanding and utility. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 200 volunteers were interviewed about NL on National Nutrition Day (NND) on May 28, 2010 at the La Paz University Hospital in Madrid. The questionnaire was self-administered and this contained 10 closed multiple choice questions. RESULTS: The surveyed group (66.7% women and 33.3% men) had a mean age of 42.0 ± 15 years and a BMI of 24.1 ± 3.8 kg/m². A percentage of 86.5% had completed secondary and higher education. The concept about NL was knocked by 77.1% of them. This percentage was significantly higher according to the level of their studies (primary 7.1%, secondary 32.1% and higher studies 60.9%; p < 0.0001) and also regarding the age range (42.3% vs. 25% of over that 50, p < 0.05). 73.8% always or almost always readied NL; 67.7% of those who declared that always readied were women and 71% had higher education. 53.8% of people over 50 years were not capable of reading labels due to the small letters. The most interesting information for the consumers was: calories (61%), fats (39%) and cholesterol (25.7%). Nutritional concepts questions had a low percentage of right answers, especially in volunteers with lower level of education and among older age groups. CONCLUSIONS: Results show that consumers have a low level of nutrition information that would enable a better choice to purchase food. Nutrition education is needed should be necessary to NL had a significant impact on the foods election. Therefore, this fact could contribute to the maintenance of health and disease prevention.

Importance of a balanced omega 6/omega 3 ratio for the maintenance of health. Nutritional recommendations / Importancia del equilibrio del índice omega-6/omega-3 en el mantenimiento de un buen estado de salud. Recomendaciones nutricionales

The modification of dietary patterns has led to a change in fatty acid consumption, with an increase in the consumption of ω-6 fatty acids and a markerd reduction in the consumption of ω-3 fatty acids. This in turn has given rise to an imbalance in the ω-6/ω-3 ratio, which is now very different from the original 1:1 ratio of humans in the past. Given the involvement of ω-6 and ω-3 essential fatty acids in disease processes, the present article examines changes in dietary patterns that have led to the present reduction in the consumption of ω-3 essential fatty acids, and to study the importance of the ω-6/ω-3 balance in maintaining good health. In addition, an assessment is made of the established recommendations for preventing a poor intake of ω-3 essential fatty acids, and the possible options for compensating the lack of these fatty acids in the diet (AU)

La modificación de los hábitos alimentarios ha llevado a un cambio en el consumo de ácidos grasos, con una aumento de los ácidos grasos ω-6 y una marcada reducción en el consumo de los ácidos grasos ω-3. Esto a su vez ha dado lugar a un desequilibrio en la relación ω-6/ω-3, muy diferente de la proporción original 1:1 que tenían los seres humanos en el pasado. Dada la importancia de la relación entre los ácidos grasos esenciales ω-6 y ω-3 en el desarrollo de diferentes enfermedades, en el presente artículo se examinan los cambios en los hábitos alimentarios que han llevado a la reducción en el consumo de ácidos grasos esenciales ω-3, y se estudia la importancia de este equilibrio en el mantenimiento de la salud. Además, se realiza una evaluación de las recomendaciones establecidas para prevenir una deficiencia en la ingesta de ácidos grasos esenciales ω-3, y las posibles opciones para compensar la falta de esos ácidos grasos en la dieta (AU)

Análisis de las encuestas sobre etiquetado nutricional realizadas en el Hospital La Paz de Madrid durante la 9ª edición del 'Día Nacional de la Nutrición (DNN) 2010' / Knowledge of nutrition labelling in general population. assessment surveys conducted in la Paz University Hospital in Madrid during the 9th 'National Nutrition day 2010'

Introducción: El etiquetado nutricional es toda la información en relación con el valor energético y los nutrientes que componen al alimento y representa una valiosa herramienta para ayudar a los consumidores a tomar decisiones informadas acerca de su dieta y estilo de vida. Sin embargo, es poco conocido como percibe el consumidor esta información. Objetivos: Conocer el grado de información de la población encuestada sobre el etiquetado nutricional y evaluar aspectos como atención, lectura, comprensión y uso del mismo. Materiales y métodos: 200 voluntarios que asistieron el día 28 de mayo de 2010 (Día Nacional de la Nutrición DNN) al Hospital La Paz y completaron un cuestionario sobre etiquetado nutricional autoadministrado, consistente en 10 preguntas cerradas de opción múltiple. Resultados: El colectivo entrevistado (66,7% mujeres y 33,3% hombres) presentaba una edad media de 42,0 ± 15 años y un IMC de 24,1 ± 3,8 kg/m2. Un 86,5% tenía estudios medios y superiores. Un 77,1% conocía el concepto del etiquetado nutricional. El porcentaje fue significativamente mayor entre aquellos con estudios superiores (primarios 7,1%, medios 32,1% y superiores 60,9%; p < 0,0001) y en las edades comprendidas entre 30-49,9 años (42,3% vs 25% en mayores de 50 años, p < 0,05). Un 73,8% declaró que leía el EN siempre o casi siempre; entre aquellos que declararon que los leían siempre 67,7% fueron mujeres y 71% tenía estudios superiores. Un 53,8% de los mayores de 50 años declaró no poder leer el etiquetado debido al tamaño reducido de las letras. La información que despierta mayor interés sobre los consumidores son las calorías (61%), las grasas (39%) y el colesterol (25,7%). Las preguntas relacionadas con conocimientos nutricionales tuvieron un bajo porcentaje de respuestas correctas, sobre todo en el grupo con menor nivel de estudios y entre las personas mayores. Conclusiones: Los resultados obtenidos muestran que la población presenta un nivel bajo de información nutricional que permita hacer una mejor elección de los productos que se compran. La educación nutricional es necesaria para que el etiquetado nutricional tenga impacto en la elección de los alimentos, ya que permite informar y concienciar a la población sobre como la dieta puede contribuir al mantenimiento de la salud y la prevención de la enfermedad (AU)

Introduction: Nutrition labelling (NL) provides information on the energy and nutrients in a food and it represents a valuable tool to help consumers make informed decisions about their diet and lifestyle. However, little is known about how consumers perceive the nutrition labelling information. Objectives: Evaluate the knowledge of NL of a population survey and examine aspects such as attention, reading, understanding and utility. Material and methods: 200 volunteers were interviewed about NL on National Nutrition Day (NND) on May 28, 2010 at the La Paz University Hospital in Madrid. The questionnaire was self-administered and this contained 10 closed multiple choice questions. Results: The surveyed group (66.7% women and 33.3% men) had a mean age of 42.0 ± 15 years and a BMI of 24.1 ± 3.8 kg/m2. A percentage of 86.5% had completed secondary and higher education. The concept about NL was knocked by 77.1% of them. This percentage was significantly higher according to the level of their studies (primary 7.1%, secondary 32.1% and higher studies 60,9%; p < 0,0001) and also regarding the age range (42.3% vs. 25% of over that 50, p < 0.05). 73.8% always or almost always readied NL; 67.7% of those who declared that always readied were women and 71% had higher education. 53.8% of people over 50 years were not capable of reading labels due to the small letters. The most interesting information for the consumers was: calories (61%), fats (39%) and cholesterol (25.7%). Nutritional concepts questions had a low percentage of right answers, especially in volunteers with lower level of education and among older age groups. Conclusions: Results show that consumers have a low level of nutrition information that would enable a better choice to purchase food. Nutrition education is needed should be necessary to NL had a significant impact on the foods election. Therefore, this fact could contribute to the maintenance of health and disease prevention (AU)

[Hormonal and inflammatory biomarkers in a group of overweight and obese women]. / Parámetros hormonales e inflamatorios en un grupo de mujeres con sobrepeso/obesidad.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to describe the hormonal and inflammatory status of a group of overweight/obese women. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The sample studied was a crosssectional cohort of women > 18 years of age, BMI ≥ 25 < 40 kg/m², prior to starting a weight control program. Data collected were: demographic characteristics, blood pressure, anthropometric parameters, physical activity data, and biochemical, hormonal and inflammatory biomarkers. RESULTS: The study involved 104 women with a mean age of 48.4 ± 9 years and a BMI of 29.8 ± 3.5 kg/m². Some 48% of the women studied were in menopause. Some 8.9% had hyperinsulinemia. The mean ghrelin value was 38.8 ± 33.6 pg/ml; there was no correlation between ghrelin levels and anthropometric and biochemical variables. CRP, leptin, adiponectin, resistin, IL6, IL10, and PAI1 were 3.0 ± 2.7 mg/dl, 36.3 ± 19.5 ng/ml, 8.3 ± 4.5 mg/ml, 24.3 ± 23.2 ng/ml, 51.6 ± 93.6 pg/ml, 10.0 ± 34.2 pg/ml and 22.3 ± 30.6 ng/ml, respectively. Obese patients had significantly higher mean values of resistin and PAI 1 than those who were overweight. These levels correlated significantly with anthropometric and biochemical variables; however, the correlations were weak. Age, menopause or the regular practice of physical activity had no effect on mean values. CONCLUSIONS: The group of women studied had altered inflammatory biomarkers in relation to people of normal weight. The study shows the inflammatory status of overweight/ obese individuals, and the values obtained may help to establish standard ranges for these markers.

[Efficacy evaluation of an oral powder supplement enriched with eicosapentaenoic acid in cancer patients]. / Evaluación de la eficacia de un suplemento oral en polvo enriquecido con ácido eicosapentaenoico en un grupo de pacientes con cáncer.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The beneficial effect of eicosapentaenoic acid in cancer patients is widely described especially in relation to its role in tumour cachexia. The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of administration of a new oral powder supplement enriched with eicosapentaenoic acid compared to a standard liquid supplement in cancer patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 61 cancer patients, aged more than 18 years, were randomized to receive during a month a bonus of 600 kcal/ day to their regular diet with an oral powder supplement enriched with eicosapentaenoic acid (1.5 g) (RSI) or with a standard liquid supplement (RE). The following data were collected at baseline and after one month: the Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (pg-SGA), anthropometric measurements (skin folds, circumferences and bioimpedance), dietary parameters (3-day food record), biochemical and inflammatory parameters (basic biochemistry, cytokines, prealbumin and Reactive C Protein). Quality of life was evaluated using the SF-36 questionnaire. At the end, scales were used to asses sensory perception, tolerance and satiety induced by the products and motivation to eat. RESULTS: 40 patients completed the study. After intervention, anthropometric parameters do not change and prealbumin values increased significantly in both groups (RSI 16.11 ± 5.66 mg/dl vs. 19.81 ± 6.75 mg/dl p < 0.05 and RE 6.13 ± 16.55 mg/dl vs. 19.03 ± 5.47 mg / dl p < 0.05). RSI group significantly decreased interferon gamma (INF-γ) values (0.99 ± 0.95 vs. 0.65 ± 0.92 pg/ml, p < 0.05). In contrast, RE group increased INF-γ after intervention (1.62 ± 1 27 vs. 2.2 ± 3.19 pg/ml, p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in hunger, appetite, satiety and intake capacity in both groups. The SF-36 scores improved in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Supplementation based on an oral powder formula enriched with 1.5 g EPA during one month in cancer patients improved certain inflammatory parameters. This product may be a novel and valuable option to be added to the nutritional intervention strategies used for cancer patients.

[Usefulness of meal replacement: analysis of the principal meal replacement products commercialised in Spain]. / Características y utilidad de los sustitutos de la comida: análisis de los productos comercializados de uso habitual en nuestro entorno.

INTRODUCTION: Obesity has become a serious health problem. It is nowadays considered a pandemia and it is therefore a priority to develop different strategies on its prevention and treatment: lifestyle changes, community interventions as well as pharmacological and non-pharmacological activities. In this way, meal replacement products (energy reduced products designed to replace one or two regular meals providing a supously nutritionally balanced low fat meal) can be an alternative to traditional reduced calorie diet. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to revise the literature on meal replacement and compare the nutritional composition and the different forms of presentation of the main meal replacement products commercialised in Spain. METHODOLOGY: We made a research in pharmacies, weight loss centers and big supermarkets of food products specially designed to replace a meal. We compared the nutritional composition regarding macronutrients and micronutrients of the thirty-two different products founded, including their different form of presentation (bars, powder, drink-shakes and crackers). In order to judge their nutritional composition, we compared one meal replaced with these products with the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA). RESULTS: The most common form of meal replacement products were bars (23 of 32 analyzed products), followed by powder for making shakes (6 products), bricks (2 products) and crackers (1 product). When we analysed a single meal replaced with these products, we founded that the global distribution of macronutrients was: 45% as carbohydrates, 29% as fats, 26% as proteins, and 4.45 grams of fiber. Their average energy was 266 Kcal per meal. Regarding micronutrients (vitamins and minerals), there was a great variability among the different products, but in average their composition was above the 33% of the RDA per meal specially in iron and vitamins B1, B6 and D. Calcium, magnesium, folic acid and vitamin B12 were the micronutrients less plentiful. CONCLUSION: Partial meal replacement can be an alternative or a complementary therapeutic option to conventional hipocaloric diets in obesity since they appear to have an easier understanding and follow up. It is therefore important to consider them in weight management programs and more studies are required to establish strict criteria on their nutritional composition by a legal normative.

[Evaluation of the utility of a Nutrition Education Program with Eating Disorders]. / Evaluación de la utilidad de un Programa de Educación Nutricional en Trastornos de la Conducta Alimentaria.

INTRODUCTION: As eating disorders include both psychological and physiological components, appropriate management of these disorders requires input from a number of disciplines working together in a coordinated manner, following an integrated Programme. The Eating Disorders-Nutrition Education Programme has as its purpose achieving healthier habits and modifying eating behaviour. The Programme should take place as one part of Eating Disorders treatment. OBJECTIVES: To determine the efficacy of a Nutrition Education Programme about nutritional state and eating patterns in a group of patients diagnosed with Eating Disorders who follow the usual check-up protocol in the clinic for nutrition and mental health. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 89 patients were included, including 5% men. They received individual nutritional education with weekly/fortnightly appointments during a period of 4-6 months. Educational counseling was carried out by a dietician. The mean age of the sample was 24 +/- 8 years and the diagnoses were: Anorexia Nervosa Restrictive (ANR) 32.5% Anorexia Nervosa Purgative (ANP) 26.5%, Bulimia Nervosa (BN) 18%, Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (EDNOS) 21% and Binge Eating Disorder (BED) 2%. The average evolution time since the diagnosis was 4.8 +/- 5 years. An anthropometric assessment, assessment of daily oral intake, 24-hour dietary recall, and Eating Attitudes Test (EAT26) questionnaires were completed at the first appointment and again at the end of the programme. RESULTS: The mean score of the EAT26 questionnaire was 32 +/- 15 initially, and after 4-6 months the score was 23.7 +/- 14 (p < 0.001). This change represents a significant improvement in the patients' symptoms after the Programme. Furthermore there were significant differences in the evaluation of the questionnaire by scales and by diagnosis. After 4-6 months, there was a meaningful reduction in episodes of vomiting per week (from 7.5 +/- 10 to 1 +/- 1.8 p < 0.001) in ANP and BN binge-purging (8 +/- 9.7 vs 2.2 +/- 3.2 p < 0,01). In addition, a favourable trend in the number of binges per week was observed for both diagnoses. The percentage of subjects that ate less than 4 meals per day decreased from 70% to 19% after the Education Programme (p < 0.001). Some 67% of the patients dedicated a specific time for eating and a 54% started to have complete meals. These results that show a very favourable tendency with respect to the normalization of eating patterns. There was improvement in the intake of dairy products, vegetables, fruits, cereals and oil (p < 0.05). At the beginning, 34% consumed at least 3 of the 6 food groups within the recommended range, but at the end 70% did (p < 0.001). After the nutritional education programme, an important increase in energy ingestion and carbonhydrate consumption took place (p < 0.001), as much with ANR as with ANP. With respect to micronutrients, the ingestion of vitamin B2 significantly increased, as well as folic acid and calcium (p < 0.001) in ANP, and magnesium and calcium (p < 0.001) in ANR. In ANR, we found a significant improvement in nutritional status (p < 0.001). Variables including weight, BMI, muscular circumference of the arm and tricipetal fold were at the limit of significance. Regarding ANP and EDNOS, the initial evaluation demonstrated that they were within normal limits, and they were maintained after nutritional education. In BN, progress towards normalization of BMI took place, increasing from 26.4 +/- 6.6 to 25.5 +/- 5.7 (-2.3 kg). CONCLUSIONS: The Nutritional Education Programme carried out by qualified professionals should be a part of Eating Disorders treatment, along with medical and psychological monitoring and as part of an interdisciplinary, multiprofessional team effort.